DPG Domains
Country DPI Profiles
India
The world's most comprehensive DPI stack at 1.4B scale.
Aadhaar
UPI
ONDC
ABDM
Estonia
World's most advanced digital society · X-Road, e-Residency, i-Voting.
X-Road
e-Residency
KSI
Brazil
PIX reached 100M users faster than any payment system in history.
PIX
GOV.BR
Open Finance
Cambodia
CamDX data exchange (X-Road based), Bakong blockchain payments, and verify.gov.kh: Gold at ASEAN Digital Awards 2024, UN Public Service Award 2026, launched in Timor-Leste.
CamDX
Bakong
verify.gov.kh
IdLAC
Regional ID broker for mutual recognition of national eIDs across Latin America and the Caribbean, starting from cross-border public service access between Brazil and Uruguay.
Red GEALC
eID
Regional DPI
Key DPI Frameworks
DPG Standard
Nine criteria a solution must meet to be certified as a Digital Public Good.
Digital Public Infrastructure
UNDP's DPI hub covering offerings, safeguards, open source, partners, and country support.
GovStack Reference Architecture
Building-block model for assembling interoperable government digital services.
Implementation Playbook
Step-by-step guidance for governments planning, designing, developing, and implementing digital public services.
Building Block Software
Product-agnostic catalogue of software implementing GovStack Building Blocks, with compliance information and reports.
DPI Overview
Practical explainer on DPI concepts, architecture principles, and choosing the first use case.
DPG and DPI
Clear distinction between reusable open-source digital public goods and country-scale digital public infrastructure.
DPI the DaaS Way
Rapid deployment model using open-source DPGs, trained service providers, and reusable policy, legal, and technical artefacts.
DPI-AI Framework
AI-ready public services architecture using AI Blocks, DPI Workflows, and Public Agents on existing DPI foundations.
Principles for Digital Development
Nine principles adopted by 300+ organizations for technology in development.
Global Digital Compact
UN framework calling for investment in digital public goods and safe, inclusive digital public infrastructure.
DPI Safeguards Framework
Rights-based guidance for designing DPI that protects people, not just systems.
Digital Government Policy Framework
Six dimensions for assessing digital government maturity across member countries.
EU AI Act
World's first comprehensive AI regulation · risk-based, binding for EU, reference globally.
Recommendation on AI Ethics
Only global normative framework on AI ethics, adopted by all 193 UNESCO member states.
X-Road
Open-source data exchange backbone powering Estonia and 40+ countries. MIT licensed.
Data Exchange Directory
Country examples of data exchange platforms and related DPI implementations.
DPI & Democracy
How Digital Public Infrastructure shapes electoral integrity, civic participation, and democratic governance worldwide.
BMZ Digital.Global
German Federal Ministry digital development programme · umbrella for GovStack, FAIR Forward (AI), atingi (digital skills), and Digital Transformation Centers worldwide.
AILA · AI Landscape Assessment
UNDP's national AI readiness framework · assesses government, private sector, civil society and academia; deployed in 15+ countries since 2024.
DRA · Digital Readiness Assessment
UNDP's cross-cutting digital readiness tool covering five pillars (people, connectivity, government, regulation, economy); deployed in 50+ countries.
Digital Development Compass
Aggregates digital development indicators from 140+ open datasets worldwide, including DPI sub-dimensions: identity, payments, and data exchange.
Digital Competency Framework
UNESCO framework for strengthening digital skills and institutional capacity in government · supports civil servants and policymakers in leading digital transformation.
Accessibility Principles
International web accessibility principles and references for inclusive public service design.
Government Trends 2025: Built to Deliver
Nine trends on delivery capacity, agile governance, citizen expectations, and technology-enabled public sector transformation.
Akoma Ntoso (LegalDocML v1.0)
Open XML standard for parliamentary, legislative, and judicial documents · adopted by the UN, UK National Archives, US Congress, and Brazil. Name means "linked hearts" in Akan.
LegalRuleML
OASIS standard for the logical-formal representation of legal norms as machine-readable rules · enables automated compliance checking and temporal legal reasoning.
CIRSFID / LEDS4XAIL
Leading research centre in legal informatics and explainable AI · home of Akoma Ntoso co-author Monica Palmirani; covers eLegislation, legal reasoning, knowledge representation, eJustice, and digital rights.
Key Papers & Reports
DIAL
2026
DPI Roadmap Playbook
Practical guide by DIAL, AfricaNenda, Better Than Cash Alliance, and CDPI for governments designing national DPI strategies · covers trade-offs, intra-governmental alignment, and steps to set priorities, milestones, and timelines. Works for countries at any stage.
UCL IIPP
2025
2025 State of Digital Public Infrastructure Report
Global baseline on DPI measurement, prevalence, and maturity across digital ID, payments, and data exchange in 210 countries.
Deloitte
2025
Government Trends 2025: Built to Deliver
Nine trends on strengthening government's capacity to deliver large-scale priorities, improve speed and effectiveness, and respond to rising citizen expectations.
Deloitte
2024
Digital Public Infrastructure Playbook
Direct PDF playbook for DPI strategy, design, and implementation planning from a government and public services perspective.
UNDP
2023
The DPI Approach: A Playbook
Practical public resource for countries starting inclusive, rights-based DPI, with checklists, assessment tools, and case studies.
DPGA
2026
2025 State of the Digital Public Goods Ecosystem
Latest DPGA report on verified DPG growth, financing, governance, and the value of DPGs for DPI.
World Bank
2025
Digital Public Infrastructure and Development: A World Bank Group Approach
The definitive WBG position paper on DPI strategy, investment, and implementation. Vol. 1 of the Digital Transformation White Paper series.
DHIS2
2024
30 Years of Health Information Infrastructure
Impact evidence from 100+ country deployments · the canonical case study for open-source DPI at scale.
iSPIRT
2024
India Stack Impact Report
1.3B digital identities, $2T+ in UPI transactions · the most documented DPI outcome in history.
WEF
2023
Rethinking Digital Public Infrastructure
WEF analysis of DPI governance models, private-public collaboration, and risks of capture.
BU GDP
2023
The Case for a New Digital Bretton Woods
Boston University Global Development Policy Center on multilateral coordination for fair DPI governance.
Co-Develop
2022
DPI: A Moonshot for Equitable Growth
The founding case for DPI as the key lever for inclusive economic development in low-income countries.
More Resources
Toolkits & Assessment
Digital readiness tools, interoperability frameworks, procurement guides.
30+ resources50-in-5
Country-led campaign helping governments design, launch, and scale safe and inclusive DPI components.
DPI coalitionCDPI
Pro bono DPI advisory, DaaS rapid deployment, architecture blueprints, and reusable implementation resources.
25+ countriesX-Road Simulator
Full X-Road sandbox on Docker Compose/Kubernetes: Central Server, test CA, Security Servers, eID/e-KYC, and a citizen portal. Built for Timor-Leste.
SandboxGovStack Sandbox
Developer environment for testing GovStack architecture and building-block interactions.
Hands-on demoGovStack Simulation
Interactive social cash transfer use case showing how reusable building blocks fit together.
Use caseOrganizations
DPGA, UNICEF, UNDP, DIAL, Digital Square, Co-Develop, and more.
15+ orgsCourses & Learning
Free MOOCs, certifications, and learning paths for DPI/DPG practitioners.
8 coursesDPGA DPI Collection
Certified digital public goods mapped to DPI use cases · identity, payments, data exchange, and government transfers.
11 certified DPGsDPI Map
UCL IIPP interactive map tracking national DPI across 190+ countries · 68 with Digital ID, 99 with Digital Payments, 103 with Data Exchange systems.
190+ countriesField Notes
Hard-won lessons from real DPI implementations · not found in any framework document.
Contributed by practitioners with field experience in UNICEF, UNDP, and national government deployments.
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Infrastructure before applications · lightweight tools outperform complex HMIS in fragile states.
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Ministry buy-in is the bottleneck · stakeholder alignment takes months, not weeks.
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Consistent identifiers from day one · cycle ID mismatches break cross-system reporting.
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People first, always · Human-Centered Design (HCD) is not optional. Run user research before writing a single requirement. The focal point filling in a form at 3G speed in a municipal office is your primary user, not the minister who will see the dashboard.
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Service blueprints before system design · map the as-is service end-to-end before touching any technology. A one-day workshop with frontline staff reveals more than a month of requirements documents.
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User journeys expose the real pain · walk the user journey for each persona. The to-be journey is your north star. Every technical decision should map back to it.
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TOGAF helps frame the architecture conversation · even a lightweight ADM (business → data → application → technology) stops teams from jumping straight to tools.
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Design offline-first, not offline-compatible · offline-first means every interaction was designed assuming no connectivity. The last-mile problem is political, not technical. Degrade gracefully: offline collection, async sync, SMS fallback, paper backup.
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Drones, AgriTech, and AI follow the same rule · the question is never "is this technology exciting?" It is "does this solve a real problem and can it be maintained by the people who inherit it?" Most AI failures in development contexts are data failures, not model failures.
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The digital divide is replicating, not closing · the AI divide compounds this: countries without clean, governed data cannot use AI-enhanced public services. Gender is a design variable, not a disclaimer. Build for the hardest-to-reach user first.